Determinants of mortality following snakebite envenomation: a matched case–control study in northeastern Nigeria

Abstract Background Snakebite envenoming is one of the world’s devastating yet underrecognized public health emergencies. Despite the long-standing awareness of its deadly toll, detailed analytical data on factors associated with snakebite mortality remain scarce, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We conducted a retrospective 1:1 matched case–control study without replacement at the Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital (SBTRH). We included all mortalities between January 2019 and December 2024 and paired patients who survived, matched on age, month of presentation and state of origin. Patient characteristics were compared between cases (deaths) and controls (survivors) to determine which factors contributed to patient survival. Results Between January 2019 and December 2024, there were 226 snakebite fatalities at the SBTRH with matched controls. The median age was 24 y (interquartile range 14–40) and most patients were male (n=308 [68%]). Multivariable conditional regression analyses revealed predisposed hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 3.61 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.33 to 9.77]), taking ≥48 h to arrive at the hospital (OR 2.31 [95% CI 1.41 to 3.77]) and haematological symptoms (OR 2.39 [95% CI 1.44 to 3.97]) as factors increasing the likelihood of mortality. Conclusions These findings support clinical emphasis on screening for comorbidities and timely intervention. Accordingly, healthcare workers should prioritize intensive symptom monitoring during the initial admission period and policymakers should focus on strengthening referral systems in endemic areas.