Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017.
Burstein R., Henry NJ., Collison ML., Marczak LB., Sligar A., Watson S., Marquez N., Abbasalizad-Farhangi M., Abbasi M., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader RS., Abrigo MRM., Acharya D., Adebayo OM., Adekanmbi V., Adham D., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi M., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed R., Akal CG., Akinyemi JO., Alahdab F., Alam N., Alamene GM., Alene KA., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid SM., Almalki MJ., Al-Mekhlafi HM., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amegah AK., Amini S., Amit AML., Anbari Z., Androudi S., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Antonio CAT., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Artaman A., Asadi A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Ashraf-Ganjouei A., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atre SR., Quintanilla BPA., Ayanore MA., Azari S., Babaee E., Babazadeh A., Badawi A., Bagheri S., Bagherzadeh M., Baheiraei N., Balouchi A., Barac A., Bassat Q., Baune BT., Bayati M., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Behzadifar M., Belay YB., Bell B., Bell ML., Berbada DA., Bernstein RS., Bhattacharjee NV., Bhattarai S., Bhutta ZA., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Breitborde NJK., Britton G., Browne AJ., Nagaraja SB., Busse R., Butt ZA., Car J., Cárdenas R., Castañeda-Orjuela CA., Cerin E., Chanie WF., Chatterjee P., Chu D-T., Cooper C., Costa VM., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Davis I., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu DV., De Neve J-W., Demeke FM., Demoz GT., Deribe K., Desai R., Deshpande A., Desyibelew HD., Dey S., Dharmaratne SD., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Doshmangir L., Duraes AR., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Ebrahimi R., Ebrahimpour S., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., El-Khatib Z., Emamian MH., Enany S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Ezalarab M., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Faro A., Fazaeli AA., Fazlzadeh M., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S-M., Fernandes JC., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt NA., Foroutan M., Francis JM., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gallus S., Gebre DG., Gebrehiwot TT., Gebremeskel GG., Gessner BD., Geta B., Gething PW., Ghadimi R., Ghadiri K., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghashghaee A., Gill PS., Gill TK., Golding N., Gomes NGM., Gona PN., Gopalani SV., Gorini G., Goulart BNG., Graetz N., Greaves F., Green MS., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall BJ., Hamidi S., Haririan H., Haro JM., Hasankhani M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen HY., Hegazy MI., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hird TR., Hoang CL., Hollerich G., Rad EH., Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Ilesanmi OS., Imani-Nasab MH., Iqbal U., Irvani SSN., Islam N., Islam SMS., Jürisson M., Balalami NJ., Jalali A., Javidnia J., Jayatilleke AU., Jenabi E., Ji JS., Jobanputra YB., Johnson K., Jonas JB., Shushtari ZJ., Jozwiak JJ., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kalhor R., Karami M., Karki S., Kasaeian A., Kassebaum NJ., Keiyoro PN., Kemp GR., Khabiri R., Khader YS., Khafaie MA., Khan EA., Khan J., Khan MS., Khang Y-H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khater MM., Khatony A., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khazaei-Pool M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim YJ., Kimokoti RW., Kinyoki DK., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Kosen S., Koul PA., Koyanagi A., Kraemer MUG., Krishan K., Krohn KJ., Kugbey N., Kumar GA., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kuupiel D., Lacey B., Lad SD., Lami FH., Larsson AO., Lee PH., Leili M., Levine AJ., Li S., Lim L-L., Listl S., Longbottom J., Lopez JCF., Lorkowski S., Magdeldin S., Abd El Razek HM., Abd El Razek MM., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta DC., Mamun AA., Manafi N., Manda A-L., Mansourian M., Martins-Melo FR., Masaka A., Massenburg BB., Maulik PK., Mayala BK., Mazidi M., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mehta KM., Meles GG., Mendoza W., Menezes RG., Meretoja A., Meretoja TJ., Mestrovic T., Miller TR., Miller-Petrie MK., Mills EJ., Milne GJ., Mini GK., Mir SM., Mirjalali H., Mirrakhimov EM., Mohamadi E., Mohammad DK., Darwesh AM., Mezerji NMG., Mohammed AS., Mohammed S., Mokdad AH., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mosapour A., Mousavi SM., Mueller UO., Muluneh AG., Mustafa G., Nabavizadeh B., Naderi M., Nagarajan AJ., Nahvijou A., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe DE., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi RI., Ngunjiri JW., Thi Nguyen HL., Nguyen LH., Nguyen SH., Nielsen KR., Ningrum DNA., Nirayo YL., Nixon MR., Nnaji CA., Nojomi M., Noroozi M., Nosratnejad S., Noubiap JJ., Motlagh SN., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo FA., Oladimeji KE., Olagunju AT., Olfatifar M., Olum S., Olusanya BO., Oluwasanu MM., Onwujekwe OE., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano DDV., Ortiz A., Osarenotor O., Osei FB., Osgood-Zimmerman AE., Otstavnov SS., Owolabi MO., P A M., Pagheh AS., Pakhale S., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Park E-K., Parsian H., Pashaei T., Patel SK., Pepito VCF., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pickering BV., Pilgrim T., Pirestani M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Plana-Ripoll O., Pourjafar H., Puri P., Qorbani M., Quintana H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi Z., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahimzadeh S., Rajati F., Raju SB., Ramezankhani A., Ranabhat CL., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rawal L., Reiner RC., Renzaho AMN., Rezaei S., Rezapour A., Riahi SM., Ribeiro AI., Roever L., Roro EM., Roser M., Roshandel G., Roshani D., Rostami A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sabour S., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Saeedi R., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salahshoor MR., Salam N., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi SS., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon JA., Sambala EZ., Samy AM., Santric Milicevic MM., Jose BPS., Saraswathy SYI., Sarmiento-Suárez R., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Saxena S., Sbarra AN., Schaeffer LE., Schwebel DC., Sepanlou SG., Seyedmousavi S., Shaahmadi F., Shaikh MA., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamshirian A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sharma J., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shuval K., Siddiqi TJ., Silva JP., Singh JA., Sinha DN., Sisay MM., Sisay S., Sliwa K., Smith DL., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Soriano JB., Sreeramareddy CT., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan MB., Sykes BL., Sylaja PN., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabb KM., Tabuchi T., Taveira N., Temsah M-H., Terkawi AS., Tessema ZT., Thankappan KR., Thirunavukkarasu S., To QG., Tovani-Palone MR., Tran BX., Tran KB., Ullah I., Usman MS., Uthman OA., Vahedian-Azimi A., Valdez PR., van Boven JFM., Vasankari TJ., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante FS., Vladimirov SK., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu GT., Vujcic IS., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang H., Wang Y., Wang Y-P., Ward JL., Weintraub RG., Weldegwergs KG., Weldesamuel GT., Westerman R., Wiysonge CS., Wondafrash DZ., Woyczynski L., Wu A-M., Xu G., Yadegar A., Yamada T., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yilgwan CS., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Lebni JY., Younis MZ., Yousefifard M., Yousof H-ASA., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zabeh E., Moghadam TZ., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zerfu TA., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Murray CJL., Hay SI.
Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.