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BackgroundMulti-drug resistance (MDR) and extensive-drug resistance (XDR) associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacteria are global public health concerns. Data on circulating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Gram-negative bacteria and their correlation with MDR and ESBL phenotypes from Nepal is scarce.MethodsA retrospective study was performed investigating the distribution of ESBL and carbapenemase genes and their potential association with ESBL and MDR phenotypes in E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Acinetobacter spp. isolated in a major tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal, between 2012 and 2018.ResultsDuring this period, the hospital isolated 719 E. coli, 532 Klebsiella spp., 520 Enterobacter spp. and 382 Acinetobacter spp.; 1955/2153 (90.1%) of isolates were MDR and half (1080/2153) were ESBL producers. Upon PCR amplification, blaTEM (1281/1771; 72%), blaCTXM-1 (930/1771; 53%) and blaCTXM-8 (419/1771; 24%) were the most prevalent ESBL genes in the enteric bacilli. BlaOXA and blaOXA-51 were the most common blaOXA family genes in the enteric bacilli (918/1771; 25%) and Acinetobacter spp. (218/382; 57%) respectively. Sixteen percent (342/2153) of all isolates and 20% (357/1771) of enteric bacilli harboured blaNDM-1 and blaKPC carbapenemase genes respectively. Of enteric bacilli, Enterobacter spp. was the most frequently positive for blaKPC gene (201/337; 60%). The presence of each blaCTX-M and blaOXA were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins (OR 14.7, p TEM, blaCTXM and blaOXA family genes were significantly associated with ESBL positivity (OR 2.96, p ConclusionsThis study documents an alarming level of AMR with high prevalence of MDR ESBL- and carbapenemase-positive ESKAPE microorganisms in our clinical setting. These data suggest a scenario where the clinical management of infected patients is increasingly difficult and requires the use of last-resort antimicrobials, which in turn is likely to intensify the magnitude of global AMR crisis.

Original publication

DOI

10.1186/s12941-020-00390-y

Type

Journal article

Journal

Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials

Publication Date

10/2020

Volume

19

Addresses

Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Keywords

Humans, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, beta-Lactamases, Bacterial Proteins, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Nepal, Tertiary Care Centers